Glossary
UW Bothell Course Descriptions
UW Tacoma Course Descriptions
Detailed course offerings (Time Schedule) are available for
To see the detailed Instructor Class Description, click on the underlined instructor name following the course description.
JSIS C 130 Justice, Service, and Activism in the Jewish Tradition (5) I&S Pianko
Focuses on thinking critically about justice and social activism by integrating classroom and community learning. Uses the rich textual tradition of Judaism and the experiences of American Jewish social activists as a prism for considering the possibilities and challenges of pursing social justice around the globe.
JSIS C 145 Introduction to Judaism (5) I&S Jaffee, Pianko
Basic ideas and motifs of Judaism: God, Covenant, Law, Life Cycle (birth, marriage, family life, sexual laws, role of women, death); Cycle of the Year (Sabbath, holidays, festivals); Holy Land, prayer, Messianism.
JSIS C 175 Popular Film and the Holocaust (5) VLPA Block
Introduces films about the Holocaust with particular emphasis on popular films. Develops the requisite tools for analayzing films, a historical perspective of the Holocaust, and the problems involved in trying to represent a historical event whose tragic dimensions exceed the limits of the imagination. Offered: jointly with GERMAN 195.
JSIS C 177 The Jewish Community in the United States: Success, Influence, and Prospects (5) I&S Burstein
Examines relationship between American society and its ethnic/religious groups through study of the American Jewish community. Focuses on economic success; challenges to religious traditions; relationships between American and Jewish cultures; and impact of Jewish ideas and organizations on American politics. Offered: jointly with SOC 177; S.
JSIS C 198 Study Abroad: Jewish Studies (1-5, max. 15) I&S
For articipants in study abroad program. Specific course content varies. Courses do not automatically apply to major/minor requirements.
JSIS C 199 Study Abroad: Comparative Religion (1-5, max. 15) I&S
For participants in study abroad program. Specific course content varies. Courses do not automatically apply to major/minor requirements.
JSIS C 201 Introduction to World Religions: Western Traditions (5) I&S Wellman
History of religions, concentrating on religious traditions that have developed west of the Indus. Primary attention to the Semitic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) and to their ancient world background with emphasis on basic conceptual and symbolic structures.
JSIS C 202 Introduction to World Religions: Eastern Traditions (5) I&S Novetzke, Pauwels
History of religions, concentrating on religions that have developed in South Asia and East Asia. Primary attention to Hinduism and Buddhism; other important Asian religions are discussed in relation to them, with emphasis on basic conceptual and symbolic structures.
JSIS C 205 Religion, Violence, and Peace: Patterns Across Time and Tradition (5) I&S Noegel, Wellman
Investigates the complex relationship between violence and peace in a variety of religious traditions. Examines case studies from the ancient Near East, medieval East Asia, and the contemporary West from the standpoint of lived experiences and contemporary theories derived from several academic disciplines. Offered: jointly with HUM 205/NEAR E 205; W.
JSIS C 211 Islam (5) I&S/VLPA
Introduction to important cultural and historical aspects of Islam, focusing on basic concepts and developments such as prophethood, Quran and Hadith, canon and law, ritual, social theory, Sufism, theology, and sectarianism. Special attention to comparison of varied Muslim practices and beliefs, and their relation to textual and personal authority. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 211.
JSIS C 212 Introduction to the Quran (5) I&S/VLPA Martin
Emphasis on the historical context of the Quran, the history of the text, its collection, organization, and interpretation. In English. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 212.
JSIS C 220 Introduction to the New Testament (5) I&S/VLPA Williams
Modern scholarly methods of research and analysis in dealing with New Testament books and their interpretation. Genres of various books (gospel, epistle, sacred history, apocalypse); problems of the relationships among author, material, and intended audience; relationships between theme and image.
JSIS C 240 Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Old Testament (5) I&S/VLPA Noegel
Examines the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in translation and its relationship with literatures of ancient Near East. Comparisons drawn between the biblical text and the literary works of Canaan, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. Emphasis on the sophisticated literary techniques employed by the biblical writers. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 240.
JSIS C 250 Introduction to Jewish Cultural History (5) I&S Jaffee
Introductory orientation to the settings in which Jews have marked out for themselves distinctive identities as a people, a culture, and as a religious community. Examines Jewish cultural history as a production of Jewish identity that is always produced in conversation with others in the non-Jewish world. Offered: jointly with HIST 250.
JSIS C 254 American Religions (5) I&S Wellman
Seeks to understand religious diversity in the American context and the varieties of religions in the American historical horizon including religious minorities, American Protestants, public religious expressions, and new American religions.
JSIS C 269 The Holocaust: History and Memory (5) I&S Pioger
Explores the Holocaust as crucial event of the twentieth century. Examines the origins of the Holocaust, perpetrators and victims, and efforts to come to terms with this genocide in Europe, Israel, and the United States. Offered: jointly with HIST 269.
JSIS C 295 The Contributions of German Jews to German Culture (5) I&S/VLPA
Contribution, assimilation and alienation of German-speaking Jews - such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Franz Kafka - emphasizing the multi-cultural nature of that which is understood as "German culture." Offered: jointly with GERMAN 295.
JSIS C 305 Religious Thought Since the Middle Ages (5) I&S
Development of religious thought in the West from the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. History of focal ideas: God, man, knowledge, and authority during this period and the relation of changes in these ideas to the ways in which basic issues in religious thought have been conceived. Recommended: JSIS C 201
JSIS C 307 Religion and World Politics (5) Gill
Explores the intersection of religion and politics in various regions of the world, including the U.S., Europe, Middle East, Latin America, and other regions. Presents a historical perspective on religion alongside contemporary issues in religion, politics, and church-state relations. Offered: jointly with POL S 307.
JSIS C 312 Jewish Literature: Biblical to Modern (5) I&S/VLPA
A study of Jewish literature from Biblical narrative and rabbinic commentary to modern prose and poetry with intervening texts primarily organized around major themes: martyrdom and suffering, destruction and exile, messianism, Hasidism and Enlightenment, Yiddishism and Zionism. Various critical approaches; geographic and historic contexts. Offered: jointly with ENGL 312.
JSIS C 320 Comparative Study of Death (5) I&S
Death analyzed from a cross-cultural perspective. Topics include funerary practices, concepts of the soul and afterlife, cultural variations in grief, cemeteries as folk art, and medical and ethical issues in comparative context. American death practices compared to those of other cultures. Offered: jointly with ANTH 322.
JSIS C 321 Comparative Religion (3) I&S
Anthropological approaches to religious experience and belief with emphasis on conceptual issues such as ritual, symbolism, identify, ecstatic experience, and revitalization movements in the context of globalization. Also addresses the diversity of religious expression in American culture and how that compares with other societies. Offered: jointly with ANTH 321.
JSIS C 322 The Gospels and Jesus of Nazareth (5) I&S Williams
Gospel material from early Christianity, including both canonical and noncanonical gospels. Relation of gospels to analogous literature from the Hellenistic-Roman period. Recommended: either ENGL 310 or JSIS C 220. .
JSIS C 325 Contemporary Judaism in a Global Context (5) I&S Pianko
Explores the dynamic interactions between contemporary social, political, and intellectual forces and today's changing religious landscape. Critical analysis of the ways n which religious ideologies and communities transform themselves in relationship to geographical contexts and historical processes. Examines Jews and Judaism as a lens for considering changes to religious life.
JSIS C 329 Religion, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism (5) I&S
The role of religion in shaping personal and communal identity in a pluralistic society. Themes include current dimensions of American pluralism, effects of ethnicity, immigration, and electronic communication o building religious communities, and issues of conflict, violence, and reconciliation. Offered: jointly with ANTH 330.
JSIS C 336 American Jewish History Since 1885 (5) I&S
Political, social, economic, religious history of American Jewish community from great eastern European migration to present. Integration of immigrant community into general American community; rise of nativism; development of American socialism; World War I and II; and reactions of American Jews to these events. Offered: jointly with HSTAA 336.
JSIS C 352 Hinduism (5) I&S Novetzke, Pauwels
Varieties of Hindu religious practice; the diverse patterns of religious thought and action among contemporary Hindus. Includes ritual behavior, village Hinduism, tantrism, sadhus, yoga, sects, the major gods and their mythologies, religious art, and the adjustments of Hinduism to modernity. Recommended: either JSIS C 202 or one South Asian culture course.
JSIS C 354 Buddhism (5) I&S Cox, Tokuno
Buddhism as a religious way and as a way of thinking; the forms of Buddhism known in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka) and those introduced from there to Tibet and other parts of Central Asia. Includes the "Three Jewels" (i.e., the Buddha or Awakened Person, the Teaching [Dharma], and Community [Sangha]) around which Buddhism is traditionally articulated. Recommended: either JSIS C 202 or one Asian cultures course.
JSIS C 356 Buddhism and Society: The Theravada Buddhist Tradition in South and Southeast Asia (5) I&S
Religious tradition of Theravada Buddhism (as practiced in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia). Variations in ethical orientations developed through Theravada Buddhist ideas. Recommended: either JSIS C 202 or one eastern religions course. Offered: jointly with ANTH 352.
JSIS C 357 Jewish American Literature and Culture (5) VLPA Butwin
Examines the literary and cultural production of American Jews from the colonial period to the present time. Considers ways in which American Jews assimilate and resist assimilation while Jewish writers, filmmakers, playwrights, and graphic novelists imitate and alter American life and literature. Offered: jointly with ENGL 357; AWSp.
JSIS C 358 Modern Jewish Thought (5) I&S Jaffee, Pianko
Major trends in Jewish religious thought since the European Enlightenment, focusing on encounters between Judaism and the modern world. Includes Haskalah; varieties of religious reform and accommodation; Zionism; socialism; the philosophy of Rosenzweig, Buber, and Kaplan; and theological responses to the Holocaust. Recommended: either HIST 250/JSIS C 250, HSTEU 469/JSIS C 463, JSIS C 201, or JSIS C 145.
JSIS C 360 Jews, Greeks, and Romans in the Ancient World (5) VLPA Stroup
Examines the interactions between populations of Jews, Greeks, and Romans in the ancient Mediterranean from the late Bronze Age through the early Talmudic period, informed by perspectives from literature (religious and secular), art, and archaeology. Offered: jointly with CLAS 360; AWSp.
JSIS C 367 Medieval Jewish History (5) I&S Stacey
Social and intellectual history of the Jews in Western Europe to fifteenth century. Jews under Islam and Christianity; the church and the Jews; the Crusades and their legacy; intellectual achievements; conflict and cooperation. Offered: jointly with HSTAM 367.
JSIS C 368 Modern European Jewish History (5) I&S
Surveys European Jewish history from the Spanish expulsion (1492) to World War I (1914). Considers diversity of European Jewries and the factors that cohered them. Examines how European Jewries ordered their lives, shaped gender and class norms, and interacted with the societies in which they lived. Offered: jointly with HSTEU 368.
JSIS C 369 The Jewish Twentieth Century in Film (5) I&S
Surveys twentieth-century Jewish history in its European, American, and Middle Eastern contexts by examining films produced in these settings. Considers central events that shaped modern Jewish culture: the changing geography of Europe and the Middle East, mass migrations, the Holocaust, shifting meanings of race, culture, and religion. Offered: jointly with HIST 369.
JSIS C 377 The American Jewish Community (5) I&S Burstein
Development and current status of American Jewish community: immigration; changes in religious practice, institutions in response to circumstances in American Society; creation of new types of secular communal organizations; assimilation; confrontation with antisemitism; family life; social, economic mobility; religious, secular education; intermarriage, and future of community. Offered: jointly with SOC 377.
JSIS C 378 Contemporary Jewish American Identities (5) I&S Friedman
Introduction to the debates about post-Holocaust Jewish identities in multicultural America. Explores whether a distinctive Jewish community is headed toward assimilation, experiencing revival, or merely transforming the multiple ways Jewish experience is lived. Topics include new Jewish immigrants, the new Orthodox, Black Jews, Jewish feminism, children of Holocaust survivors. Offered: jointly with SOC 378.
JSIS C 379 Doing Jewish Identity Studies (5) I&S Friedman
Involves the student in researching the diverse Jewish identities of young people today. Includes background reading on Jewish identities in the United States; interviewing young Jewish adults; transcribing and interpreting interviews; and crafting a qualitative research paper. Covers research skills, as well as sensitivity to Jewish community values and concerns.
JSIS C 380 Theories In the Study of Religion (5) I&S Jaffee, Novetkze, Wellman
Provides a variety of approaches to the study of religion centered on examining the relationship between religion and modernity in the tradition of post-enlightenment, Euro-American scholarship. Examines theories of religion across disciplines: history, anthropology, sociology, Marxism, feminism, postmodernism, political theology, and Freudian psycho-analytical theory. Offered: jointly with CHID 380.
JSIS C 398 Study Abroad - Jewish Studies (1-5, max. 15) I&S
For participants in study abroad program. Specific course content varies. Courses do not automatically apply to major/minor requirements.
JSIS C 399 Study Abroad - Comparative Religion (1-5, max. 15) I&S
For participants in study abroad program. Specific course content varies. Courses do not automatically apply to major/minor requirements.
JSIS C 400 The Jewish Mystical Tradition (5) I&S Jaffee
Jewish esoteric thought from antiquity to early modern times. Emergence of Spanish Kabbalah. The thought of Isaac Luria and its immense influence in Jewish history through other movements-specifically the mystical messiah. Sabbetai Sevi, and the rise of Hasidism. Recommended: either JSIS C 201 or JSIS C 145.
JSIS C 405 Scripture in Judaism (5) I&S Jaffee
Explores the phenomenon of religious interpretation of sacred books by attending to the destiny of the Bible as read within Judaism. Begins with the canonization of the biblical text itself and continues into the rationalist and mystical interpretive innovations of the Middle Ages. Recommended: either HIST 250/JSIS C 250, JSIS C 201, or JSIS C 145.
JSIS C 408 The World of the Early Church (5) I&S Williams
Early Christian church within the context of the Greco-Roman sociopolitical, philosophical, and religious environment. Covers the period from about AD 100 to 300. Christian thinkers and documents studied include both the classical "orthodox" and the "heretical." Recommended: either HIST 307, JSIS C 220, or JSIS C 328.
JSIS C 409 The Age of St. Augustine (5) I&S
Christian church in the fourth and fifth centuries as a major institution in the Roman Empire. Great figures of patristic theology, such as Athanasius, Gregory Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine. Recommended: either HIST 307, JSIS C 320, or JSIS C 328.
JSIS C 410 Law in Judaic Experience (5) I&S Jaffee
Place and function of law in Jewish social and personal experience. Discusses the various ideological justifications of the law in biblical and rabbinic literature, examines representative texts, and explores theological reflection on law by medieval and modern thinkers. Recommended: JSIS C 201; either JSIS C 145; JSIS C 400 or JSIS C 405.
JSIS C 412 Gnosticism and Early Christianity (5) I&S Williams
Impact of Gnosticism on the development of Christianity and several other religious groups of that period. Readings dating from the first through the third centuries AD.
JSIS C 413 Modern Christian Theology (5) I&S
Modern Protestant and Catholic thought since the nineteenth century: Kierkegaard, Barth, Bultmann, Rahner, Lonergan, and other major figures. Recommended: JSIS C 305.
JSIS C 418 Jewish Philosophy (5) I&S Rosenthal
Introduces the central concepts and themes of Jewish philosophy. Focuses either on debates within a particular historical period - e.g., medieval or modern- or on a topic - e.g., reactions to the Enlightenment or to the Holocaust. Prerequisite: at least one previous course in philosophy. Offered: jointly with PHIL 418.
JSIS C 430 Scripture and Law in Islam (5) I&S/VLPA
Examines concept and use of scripture in Islam, with special attention to issues of canon and commentary, heavenly books, talismanic uses, and the place of scripture in ritual. In English. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 430.
JSIS C 432 Ritual and Territory in Islam (5) I&S/VLPA
Comparative study of Islamic ritual practices and related development of jurisprudence and law. Focus on sacrifice, political and social legal theory, pilgrimage, regulation of the body, and the diversity of contemporary practices. In English. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 432.
JSIS C 435 Life of Prophet Muhammad (5) I&S/VLPA
Examines historical and religious traditions associated with the life of the Prophet Muhammad with particular attention to the biography in classical Islam. Focuses on Muhammad as prophet, holy man, law-giver, mystic, and statesman. Comparison with other religious figures such as Jesus and the Buddha. In English. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 433.
JSIS C 438 Jewish Women in Contemporary America (5) I&S Friedman
Examines how Jewish women's identities are socially constructed and transformed in contemporary America, using social histories, memoirs, and ethnographies to analyze scholars' approaches to Jewish women's lives. Topics include the role of social class, religion, migration, the Holocaust, and race relations in Jewish women's lives. Offered: jointly with GWSS 438.
JSIS C 445 Greek and Roman Religion (5) I&S/VLPA Harmon, Hollmann, Levaniouk
Religion in the social life of the Greeks and Romans, with emphasis placed on their public rituals and festivals. Attention is given to the priesthoods, personal piety, rituals of purification and healing, and the conflict of religions in the early Roman Empire. Many lectures illustrated by slides. Recommended: JSIS C 201. Offered: jointly with CLAS 445.
JSIS C 449 The Biblical Prophets (3) VLPA I&S Noegel
Explores the biblical prophets (in translation) within their Near Eastern contexts. Studies them for their historicity, literary and rhetorical sophistication, and ideological agendas. This course seeks to uncover the meaning and distinctiveness of Israelite prophecy within the context of the larger Near East. No knowledge of the Bible is required. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 453.
JSIS C 451 The Biblical Song of Songs (3) VLPA Noegel
Examines the erotic and beautiful Song of Songs within the context of ancient (and medieval) Near Eastern love poetry and correlates close readings of the book with various interpretations it has received from antiquity until today. No knowledge of Hebrew or the Bible is required. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 452.
JSIS C 452 Art, Religion, and Politics in the Early Christian Period, 300-700 AD (3) I&S/VLPA Kartsonis
Evolution of the art of the early Christian period (300-700 AD) in the context of contemporary religious, political, and cultural developments. Recommended: some background in Byzantine art or history. Offered: jointly with ART H 452.
JSIS C 454 Israel: The First Six Centuries BCE (3) VLPA I&S Noegel
Traces the Israelites, from the Babylonian destruction of the Jerusalemite Temple (586 BCE) to events following the destruction of the second Temple (1st century CE). Focuses on primary historical and literary sources as well as archaeological and artistic evidence. No knowledge of Hebrew or the Bible is required. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 454.
JSIS C 455 The Kings of Monarchic Israel (3) VLPA I&S Noegel
Examines the biblical accounts (in translation) concerning the formation and collapse of the united Israelite monarchy. Investigates the archaeological and textual evidence for their historicity, the literary sophistication of these accounts, and Israelite kingship within the wider context of the ancient Near East. No knowledge of the Bible is required. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 455.
JSIS C 456 Perceptions of the Feminine Divine in Hinduism (5) VLPA Pauwels
Explores implications of the perception of a feminine divine for gender issues in South Asia. Includes historical overview of goddess worship in South Asia, mythologies, philosophical systems, cults, and rituals associated with the major goddesses, the phenomena of suttee, goddess possession, and women's goddess rituals at the village level.
JSIS C 457 The History of Biblical Interpretation (3) I&S/VLPA Noegel
Traces biblical interpretation and translation technique from the earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the various historical literary, deconstructionist, and holistic strategies of more recent times. Adopts a "hands-on" approach to the material and explores various hermeneutics by applying them in class. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 457.
JSIS C 458 The Babylonian Talmud (3/5) VLPA/I&S Jaffee
Introduction to the Babylonian Talmud, the classic collection of rabbinic literature. Literary and historic methodologies contextualize the Talmud in the setting of other ancient religious literatures and track the processes of its literary development. Offered: jointly with NEAR E 458.
JSIS C 459 Topics in the Buddhism of Tibet (3) I&S
Topics in the development of Buddhism of Tibet. Includes the relationship between reasoning and religious thought; the concept of a person; the formation of the different schools of Tibetan Buddhism; the notion of lineage; the master-disciple relationship in the tantric tradition. Recommended: either ANTH 352, JSIS C 202, JSIS C 356, or JSIS C 354.
JSIS C 462 Anti-Semitism As a Cultural System (5) I&S Jaffee
Comparative study of various anti-Semitic cultural systems from ancient to modern times. Topics include how anti-Semitism can be defined as a cultural phenomenon; the conditions that explain the circulation of anti-Semitic traditions in a given society; the conditions under which social conflict with Jews becomes anti-Semitism.
JSIS C 463 Enlightenment, Emancipation, Antisemitism: History of the Jews, 1770-1914 (5) I&S
The Jewish experience in the modern world from the European Enlightenment to the First World War. Focus on the debates surrounding Jewish emancipation, the reception of Jews within European society, modern antisemitism, nationalist movements, mass migration, and war.
JSIS C 465 The Jews of Eastern Europe (5) I&S
Jewish society in Poland, Russia, the Habsburg Lands, and Romania from the late Middle Ages to the Holocaust. Offered: jointly with HSTEU 465.
JSIS C 466 The Sephardic Diaspora: 1492-Present (5) I&S
Examines the history and culture of Sephardic Jewry from the expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492 to the present. Explores the creation of Sephardic communities in the Dutch and Ottoman Empires, Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa, and the history of the conversos and "hidden Jews." Offered: jointly with HSTEU 466.
JSIS C 470 Economic History of the Jews (5) I&S
Explores the history, economics, and politics of mercantile minorities, the Jews. Topics include the economics of religion, migration, Zionism, Arab-Israeli relations, and Israeli high-tech. Prerequisite: minimum grade of 2.0 in ECON 300. Offered: jointly with ECON 470.
JSIS C 472 Seminar: Topics in Early Christianity (5) I&S Williams
Topics vary. Recommended: one early Christian history or literature course.
JSIS C 489 Special Topics (1-5, max. 15) I&S
Content varies.
JSIS C 490 Special Topics (1-5, max. 15) I&S
Topics vary with each offering.
JSIS C 491 Seminar: Topics and Issues in Judaism (5) I&S Jaffee
Topics vary. Recommended: JSIS B 145; either JSIS B 400, JSIS D 405, or JSIS B 410.
JSIS C 493 Honors Thesis (5) I&S
Required course for Comparative Religion honors students.
JSIS C 495 Seminar in Jewish Studies (5) I&S Jaffee
History of Jewish Studies as an organized field of academic inquiry. Explores the implications for Jewish Studies of its present setting within the context of the humanities and the social sciences.
JSIS C 497 Field Archaeology (1-10, max. 20)
Professionally-guided archaeological fieldwork at a recognized archeological dig in the United States or abroad. Offered: S.
JSIS C 501 Approaches to the Study of Religion (5)
Major approaches employed by modern scholarship in the study of religion, including historical, phenomenological, anthropological, sociological, and psychological. Prerequisite: admission to the comparative religion MAIS program or permission of instructor. Offered: A.
JSIS C 502 Religion in Comparative Perspective (5, max. 15)
Analysis of selected theme or symbols in relation to several different religious traditions. Topics vary. Prerequisite: admission to the comparative religion MAIS program or permission of instructor. Offered: W.
JSIS C 504 Religion and Culture (5)
Study of the relations between religion and culture, with attention to the role of religion in defining conceptions of order and grounding socio-political and artistic traditions.
JSIS C 520 Seminar On Early Christianity (5) Williams
Problems in the history and literature of early Christianity.
JSIS C 528 Christian Theology (5)
Study of exemplary figures in the history of Christian religious thought. Prerequisite: JSIS B 413.
JSIS C 580 Seminar in Hinduism Studies (5) Pauwels
Introduction to the academic study of Hinduism for graduate students. Examines major problems currently addressed in the academic study of Hinduism and the methods used. Provides a historical perspective on past scholarship. Offered: jointly with ASIAN 580.
JSIS C 590 Special Topics (2-5, max. 10)
Offered occasionally by visitors or resident faculty. Course content varies.
JSIS C 598 Colloquium in Comparative Religion (1, max. 6)
Required colloquium for graduate students in comparative religion program. Introduction to faculty research and to major methods and disciplines in the study of religion. Credit/no credit only.
