I study the variation or change in marine waters from both natural and human-related processes. Regarding human mediated stressors, an important consequence of our current energy use and consumption (e.g. fossil fuel burning) is climate change, both in terms of altered weather (temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, sunlight) and increased CO2. These have implications such as warming waters, altered productivity, and ocean acidification in the marine waters of the Pacific Northwest, including diverse marine environments in the eastern Pacific Ocean, Puget Sound, Hood Canal and other coastal estuaries.