The Alliance for Students with Disabilities in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Knowledge Base Articles by Topic
Following is a complete list of the 388 articles in the AccessSTEM Knowledge Base, arranged alphabetically by title. Select any article title to view the article.
- A Smart Board in the Classroom: A Promising Practice for Engaging Students
- A Work-Based Learning Menu: A Promising Practice in Recruiting Employer Partners
- Accessible Outdoor Table Design: A Case Study in Teaching Design Students to Think Universally
- AccessIT Web Design & Development: A Promising Practice in Integrating Accessibility Topics into Curriculum
- Alaska Transition Camp: A Promising Practice in Involving Students and Educators in Transition Planning
- Allison and Chemistry: A Case Study on Accommodations in Group Work and Discussion
- Alternative Access: A Case Study on the Benefits of Assistive Technology for Students with Temporary Disabilities
- Ana and Astronomy: A Case Study on Accommodations for Writing Assignments
- Angela and Academic Advising: A Case Study on Accessing Standard Campus Services
- Are drivers responsible for assisting students with disabilities by carrying personal items such as books and backpacks or helping them enter a building by opening doors?
- Are funds available specifically for captioning?
- Are postsecondary institutions required to purchase adaptive software for a specific course if only one student needs it?
- Are postsecondary institutions required to transport a student with a mobility impairment to a remote field site?
- Are postsecondary institutions responsible for accessibility at off-campus events?
- Are there any web-based tutorials on web accessibility?
- Are there commercial products designed to make math accessible to students with disabilities?
- Are there computer keyboards designed to be used with only one hand?
- Are there documents offered online in Spanish that discuss disabilities and education?
- Are there electronic mentoring programs for students with disabilities?
- Are there guidelines for creating accessible math?
- Are there scientific and graphing calculators that can be used by students who are blind?
- Are there screen readers that can read math equations?
- Are there voice recognition programs students can use to do math?
- Are there web browsers that have been developed specifically for use by people with disabilities?
- As a faculty member, can I use grant funds to pay for job accommodations for a graduate student?
- ATPC Accessible Math Project: A Promising Practice for Creating Accessible Math Textbooks
- Boston Public Schools Access Technology Center: A Promising Practice of Universal Design
- Camp Courage: A Promising Practice in Including an Accessible Technology Lab in an Existing Summer Camp
- Campus Housing: A Case Study on Accommodating a Short-Term Need
- Can all television sets display closed captions?
- Can an employer legally ask an applicant about current illnesses?
- Can astronomy classes be made accessible to students who are visually impaired?
- Can chemistry be taught to students with disabilities?
- Can I borrow captioned media for free?
- Can students with Autism be successful in college?
- Can students with intellectual disabilities attend college?
- Can the information contained in graphs, charts, drawings, and three-dimensional models be made accessible to students with disabilities?
- Canfield Middle School: A Promising Practice in Motivating Math Students with Technology
- Captain Strong Elementary: A Promising Practice in Engaging Students with Learning Differences
- Central Kitsap School District: A Promising Practice in Access to Math and Science for Students with Visual Impairments
- Classroom Performance System: A Promising Practice in Engaging All Students
- Colored Rulers: A Case Study on Finding a Low-Tech Solution for Completing Exams
- Computer Literacy Academy: A Promising Practice for Including Graduate Students in Computer Science Education
- Connecting with Peers: A Case Study on College Transition for a Student with Asperger's Syndrome
- Digital Frog International: A Promising Practice in Designing Accessible Educational Software
- Disability and the Culinary Arts: A Case Study on Access to a Person of Short Stature
- Disability Awareness 101: A Case Study on Students with Disabilities and College Admissions Offices Staff
- Disability Mentoring Day at the UW-Madison: A Promising Practice in Staff Training
- Disability Mentoring Day: A Promising Practice in Promoting Career Exploration
- Distance Learning: A Case Study on the Accessibility of an Online Course
- Do all postsecondary students with disabilities use disability services?
- Do campus tutors have to write or type work for students with disabilities?
- Do colleges and universities agree as to whether they must adhere to Section 508 standards?
- Do fume hoods exist that are accessible to people with mobility impairments?
- Do TTY, TDD, and TT mean the same thing?
- DO-IT Scholars: A Promising Practice in Preparing Youth with Disabilities for College
- Does the provision of accommodations guarantee student success?
- Dr. Stephen Hawking: A Case Study on Using Technology to Communicate with the World
- Dundee Elementary School: A Promising Practice in Utilizing Technology for Writing and Research
- Earth Science: A Case Study on Teaching Concepts to a Student with a Visual Impairment
- Electronic Course Reserves: A Case Study on Universal Access to Electronic Information in Academic Libraries
- Elena and Computer Graphics: A Case Study on Accommodating Health Impairments
- Emerging Leaders Program: A Promising Practice in Placing College Students with Disabilities in Challenging Internships
- Equal Opportunities: A Case Study on Campus Transportation for Students with Mobility Impairments
- Evergreen Elementary: A Promising Practice in Empowering Students through Assistive Technology
- Faculty Learning Communities: A Promising Practice in Faculty Development
- Federal Aviation Administration: A Promising Practice in Employment of People with Disabilities
- Fife School District: A Promising Practice to Maximize Outcomes of Professional Development for Teachers
- GALL Laboratory: A Promising Practice in Applying Problem-Based Learning
- Garfield-Palouse High School: A Promising Practice in Creating an Inclusive High School Science Lab
- Geography and Christian: A Case Study in Accommodating In-Class Computer-Based Testing
- Here to Stay: A Case Study on Service Animals in Residence Halls
- Hien and Medical School Rotations: A Case Study on Accommodating for a Pacemaker
- Homeland Security 508 Compliance Office: A Promising Practice in Promoting Accessible IT
- How are the terms "dwarf," "little person," and "person of short stature" commonly used?
- How are the terms deaf, deafened, hard of hearing, and hearing impaired typically used?
- How are the terms low vision, visually impaired and blind defined?
- How can a student who is blind navigate in an unfamiliar area to do fieldwork?
- How can a student with a disability develop college survival skills?
- How can digital content help students with learning disabilities that affect their ability to process math?
- How can I adapt specific science activities in a general curriculum for students with disabilities?
- How can I create a club for students with disabilities on my campus?
- How can I create math and science documents that are accessible to students with visual impairments?
- How can I easily open my most often used programs in Windows?
- How can I ensure that a student who is deaf can access the content in my podcasts?
- How can I help a student record and analyze data in a science lab?
- How can I help a student who is blind or has low vision make measurements in a science lab?
- How can I help a two-year college student transition to a four-year school?
- How can I help students who need accommodations but refuse to use them?
- How can I integrate topics related to disability issues in the classes that I teach?
- How can I locate a scientist with a disability similar to that of a student in my class?
- How can I make my chemistry labs accessible to students with disabilities?
- How can I make my computing department more accessible to students with disabilities?
- How can I participate in Disability Employment Awareness Month?
- How can I work with a student who is deaf and speaks ASL but struggles with written English?
- How can library databases be made more accessible?
- How can math assessments be made accessible?
- How can nontechnical administrators ensure that the websites their employees create and maintain are accessible to people with disabilities?
- How can parents, family members, and mentors help young people with disabilities prepare for careers?
- How can people who are blind access video and multimedia products?
- How can people who are blind operate computers?
- How can people who are deaf access video and multimedia products?
- How can people who have low vision operate a computer?
- How can people with mobility impairments operate computers?
- How can postsecondary institutions determine whether a student is "otherwise qualified" for science, technology, engineering, and/or mathematics curricula?
- How can principles of universal design be applied to technology-based math content?
- How can principles of universal design be used to construct a computer lab?
- How can printed resources in libraries be made accessible?
- How can publishers create accessible math textbooks?
- How can students with disabilities choose a career?
- How can students with disabilities gain work experience while in high school or college?
- How can students with disabilities get accommodations for taking the PSAT, SAT, ACT, and Advanced Placement exams?
- How can students with disabilities get accommodations for the General Educational Development (GED) Test?
- How can students with disabilities get accommodations for the GRE, MCAT, LSAT, and other standardized graduate or professional entrance exams?
- How can students with learning disabilities benefit from computer use?
- How can switches be used by people who cannot operate a standard keyboard or mouse?
- How can technology help students with disabilities in their social development?
- How can universal design be applied in educational settings?
- How can universal design be applied in postsecondary education?
- How can universal design be applied to instruction?
- How can vocational rehabilitation services help students with disabilities with their career goals?
- How can web design teachers learn to incorporate web accessibility in their courses?
- How can web pages be made accessible to individuals who have cognitive disabilities?
- How do I accommodate a student in fieldwork?
- How do I create online math content that is accessible to students who are blind?
- How do I make sure that an alternate form of an exam is equivalent to the standard form?
- How do I navigate around Microsoft Windows using only a keyboard?
- How do IT companies express their commitment to accessibility?
- How do the rights and responsibilities of high school students with disabilities change as they enter college?
- How do we include accessible technology-rich activities in our summer camp?
- How does a student who is blind learn to navigate around campus?
- How does Section 508 relate to the Telecommunications Act?
- How many schools provide assistive or adaptive technology for students with disabilities?
- How much time do students with disabilities spend in "regular" classrooms?
- Hua and Electrical Engineering: A Case Study on Accommodating Deafness or Hearing Loss
- I am who I am: A Promising Practice in Disability Awareness and Community Building
- If a postsecondary student's accommodations include extra exam time must I allow the student to take the exam outside of the classroom?
- If a student with a disability qualifies for accommodations in high school, will they receive the same accommodations in college?
- In a postsecondary setting, who is responsible for providing Braille translation?
- In Case of Emergency: A Case Study on Evacuation Procedures for a Student with a Mobility Impairment
- In what ways does the Americans with Disabilities Act protect job applicants?
- Integrating Technology: A Promising Practice in Making Biology Interactive
- Integrating Woodshop, Technology and Reading: A Promising Practice in Team-Teaching
- Internships for Students with Disabilities: A Promising Practice in Fostering Positive Attitudes in the Workplace
- Is it appropriate for me to ask a postsecondary student what type of disability he has?
- Is my school legally required to make our web pages accessible?
- Is there a difference between service and therapy animals?
- Is there a federal program to help companies hire injured veterans?
- Is there a Regiment for wounded marines?
- Is there a way to add captions to a video that is already published?
- IT + AT: A Promising Practice in Creating a Technology-Rich Experience for All Students
- Javier and Medical School: A Case Study on Accommodations for Visual Impairments
- Kennewick Elementary School: A Promising Practice in Using Technology to Improve Teaching
- Kim and Biology: A Case Study on Accommodations for Learning Disabilities
- Kindergarten Bridge Program: A Promising Practice in Early Integration of Assistive Technology
- Let it Snow: A Case Study on Accessibility During Inclement Weather
- Maplewood Middle School: A Promising Practice in Integrating Technology for Students with Visual Impairments
- MAR*TEC Techno-Briefs: A Promising Practice on Explaining Technology Accessibility to Educators
- Marika and Mathematics: A Case Study on Accommodations for Visual Impairments
- MESA: A Promising Practice in Making Math and Science Curriculum Accessible
- Missouri Southern State University: A Promising Practice in Developing a Successful Community of Practice (CoP)
- Must a service animal be certified?
- Must local emergency broadcasts be made accessible?
- Must student clubs and organizations provide accommodations to allow students with disabilities to participate?
- Nana and Engineering: A Case Study on Accommodating Mobility Impairments
- National Center for Blind Youth in Science: A Promising Practice in Creating a Web Portal
- Nolan and Physics: A Case Study on Accommodating Learning Disabilities
- Once a K-12 student qualifies for accommodations through a 504 plan, will that student always qualify for the same accommodations?
- Opening Doors to Solutions: A Case Study on Self-Advocacy
- Opportunities!
- Opportunities! Newsletter: A Promising Practice in Postsecondary Campus Collaboration
- Orofino High School: A Promising Practice for Hands-On Science for Everyone
- OSTA: A Promising Practice of a Professional Organization Promoting Accessible Science
- Palouse Discovery Science Center: A Promising Practice in Science Learning for Everyone
- Phoenix Reading Project at Sugar-Salem High School: A Promising Practice in Using Scan/Read Software
- Planning Ahead: A Case Study on Student Performance Standards and Accommodations for an Internship
- Professional Development for Web Accessibility: Case Studies on Higher Education
- Rajiv and Biology: A Case Study on Accommodations for Test Taking
- Reduced Course Loads: A Case Study on Financial Aid Eligibility
- Roadmaps & Rampways: Case Studies of Success in Science
- Roberto and Biology: A Case Study on Accommodations for Deafness
- Robotics track at youth slam: A promising practice in engaging students with visual impairments
- Sara in Medical School: A Case Study on Dealing with Deafness in a Clinical Health Setting
- Sean and Computer Science: A Case Study on Accommodations for a Psychiatric Disorder
- Serving Veterans Think Tank: A Promising Practice in Improving Civilian Career Outcomes for Veterans with Disabilities
- Should I modify assignments or grades for students with disabilities?
- Simple Solutions: A Case Study on Low-Tech Accommodations and Campus Computer Labs
- Software Compatibility: A Case Study on Assistive Technology, Accessible Course Software, and a Student with Low Vision
- SummerLab: A Promising Practice in Expanded Access to Biotechnology for Students with Disabilities
- The Family Village Project: A Promising Practice in Creating a Global Online Community and Resource
- The ImagineIT Workshop: A Promising Practice in Engaging Students with Visual Impairments
- The Signing Science Dictionary Project: A Promising Practice in Creating an Accessible Science Dictionary
- The University of Washington: A Promising Practice in Making Distance Learning Courses Accessible to Students with Disabilities
- The University of Washington: A Promising Practice in User Group Support for Web Accessibility
- Tools and Techniques for Accessible Web Content: A Promising Practice in Webcast Training
- UAA STEM Transition Event: A Promising Practice in Preparing Youth for College
- Universally Designed Webpages: A Case Study on Access Issues for a Student with a Learning Disability
- UW-Madison and IT Accessibility: Promising Practices for IT Support
- Web Access: A Case Study on Making Content Accessible to a Student who is Blind
- What is Autism?
- What access challenges might visitors to a web page experience?
- What accommodation might be provided to students with chemical sensitivities in science labs?
- What adaptive technology is typically provided to students with disabilities on postsecondary campuses?
- What advice can be given to a high school student with a disability preparing for college?
- What advice can be given to teens as they prepare for careers?
- What advice can I give to a college student with a disability to promote their success?
- What alternative pointing systems are available for someone who cannot use a mouse?
- What are cochlear implants, how do they work, and who typically gets them?
- What are examples of accommodations for students with low vision in science labs?
- What are examples of accommodations in science laboratories?
- What are examples of psychiatric diagnoses?
- What are examples of science lab accommodations for students who are blind?
- What are examples of science lab accommodations for students who are deaf or hard of hearing?
- What are examples of science lab accommodations for students who have health impairments?
- What are examples of science lab accommodations for students with disabilities that impact learning and/or attention?
- What are examples of science lab accommodations for students with mobility impairments?
- What are issues related to the design of accessible software?
- What are key issues for increasing the successful participation of individuals with disabilities in STEM fields?
- What are legal issues associated with the design of accessible software?
- What are reasonable accommodations for students with mobility impairments when field work sites are not physically accessible?
- What are some assignments that could be used in lieu of tests to help students with disabilities demonstrate mastery of content?
- What are some examples of courses for which educational programs might assign course substitutes?
- What are some examples of online simulations for science labs?
- What are some guidelines for creating attractive and functional open or closed captions?
- What are some guidelines for creating overhead transparencies that are easier for students to see?
- What are some hints for communicating with individuals who have disabilities?
- What are some low-tech assistive technologies that aid computer access?
- What are some of the barriers students with disabilities face in distance learning courses?
- What are some of the challenges students with Dyslexia face in using technology?
- What are some of the functional limitations related to mental illness?
- What are some specific study skills that benefit students with learning disabilities?
- What are some steps that distance learning program administrators can take to ensure the accessibility of their courses?
- What are some techniques for creating Braille math materials?
- What are some ways to provide note taking accommodations for a student with a disability?
- What are specific computer applications that can assist students with learning disabilities?
- What are specific types of learning disabilities?
- What are steps to a computing career?
- What are strategies for teaching a student with a math-related learning disability?
- What are tactile graphics?
- What are Telecommunications Relay Services?
- What are the benefits of universal design of a distance learning course for students without disabilities?
- What are the main features of an accessible computer lab?
- What are the NIMAS Development and Technical Assistance Centers?
- What are the options for someone who cannot operate a standard keyboard?
- What are the steps to take in making a school computer lab accessible?
- What are tips for K-12 professionals writing IEPs/IFSPs for students who are deaf or hard of hearing?
- What are tips for making online mentoring successful?
- What are typical accommodations for students with AD/HD?
- What are typical accommodations for students who are deaf or hard of hearing?
- What are typical accommodations for students with blindness?
- What are typical accommodations for students with health impairments?
- What are typical accommodations for students with learning disabilities?
- What are typical accommodations for students with low vision?
- What are typical accommodations for students with mobility impairments?
- What are typical challenges and accommodations for students with Asperger's Disorder and high-functioning Autism?
- What are typical challenges students with math-related learning disabilities face?
- What benefits do mentors get from a mentoring relationship?
- What can disabled student services offices do to help students with disabilities successfully transition from two- to four-year colleges?
- What can students do to improve their chances of finding employment after college?
- What challenges do individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing have in operating computers?
- What challenges do individuals with speech impairments face in operating computers?
- What challenges do people with disabilities face in accessing standard consumer products?
- What challenges do students with disabilities face as they transition from two-year to four-year colleges?
- What considerations should be made to ensure that electronic and information resources in a library are accessible?
- What do distance learning professionals need to know about accessibility?
- What does Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act require?
- What does word prediction software do?
- What efforts are computer hardware and software companies making toward making their products accessible?
- What federal laws in the U.S. protect the rights of people with disabilities?
- What grants are available for making science, technology, engineering, and math accessible to students with disabilities?
- What if a student with a disability disrupts my college class?
- What insights do students with disabilities provide regarding self-determination?
- What Internet-based communication methods are accessible to people with disabilities?
- What is a "qualified student with a disability"?
- What is a 504 Plan?
- What is a mental illness?
- What is a mobility impairment?
- What is a physical or mental impairment?
- What is a qualified individual with a disability?
- What is a reading system?
- What is a refreshable Braille display?
- What is a speech impairment?
- What is a traumatic brain injury?
- What is a virtual keyboard?
- What is AD/HD and how is it diagnosed?
- What is an AccessSTEM Alliance Affiliate and how do I apply?
- What is an Individualized Education Plan?
- What is Asperger's Disorder?
- What is Braille translation software?
- What is computer-based speech recognition?
- What is DotsPlus Braille?
- What is ENTRY POINT?
- What is High School/High Tech?
- What is Hire America's Heroes?
- What is MathML?
- What is MathSpeak?
- What is Nemeth Code?
- What is NIMAS?
- What is No Child Left Behind and how does it affect students with disabilities?
- What is real-time captioning?
- What is Section 504?
- What is sign language?
- What is the AccessComputing Team and how can I join?
- What is the Accessibility Forum?
- What is the AccessSTEM Team and how do I apply?
- What is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?
- What is the benefit of e-mentoring to students with disabilities?
- What is the DAISY Modular Math Extension?
- What is the difference between accessible, usable, and universal design?
- What is the difference between accommodation and modification for a student with a disability?
- What is the difference between an IEP and a 504 Plan?
- What is the DO-IT Pals program and application process?
- What is the DO-IT Scholars program and how do I apply?
- What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act?
- What is the National Instructional Materials Access Center (NIMAC)?
- What is the Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP)?
- What is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?
- What is the role of a mentor?
- What is the World Institute on Disability (WID)?
- What is universal design?
- What is video remote interpreting?
- What issues should a student with AD/HD consider when planning for the transition from high school to college or a career?
- What lab safety issues need to be considered when working with a student who is deaf?
- What lab safety issues need to be considered when working with a student with a mobility impairment?
- What lab safety issues need to be considered when working with a student with a visual impairment?
- What legal issues are associated with access to video products for students with sensory impairments?
- What local extracurricular programs help students with disabilities learn about technology?
- What math, science, and technology skills are important for career success?
- What process can I use to design accommodations for specific students with disabilities?
- What proportion of postsecondary students have disabilities?
- What readjustment services are available for veterans?
- What resources are available for parents of students with disabilities?
- What resources can help faculty make their courses more accessible to students with disabilities?
- What resources can help students with disabilities find and apply for jobs?
- What resources can help students with disabilities locate internships and other work-based experiences?
- What resources help individuals learn how to talk about their disabilities?
- What should I consider when deciding what kind of adaptive technology to use?
- What should I do when a student informs me of a disability and requests an accommodation for a distance learning course?
- What should people who have visual impairments expect regarding accessibility of telecommunications products?
- What specific challenges make it difficult for people with mobility impairments to operate computers?
- What statement can I put on my syllabus for students with disabilities?
- What steps do teens with disabilities take to STEM careers?
- What technology is available for students with cognitive disabilities?
- What U.S. federal legislation protects the rights of students with disabilities?
- What web-based resources tell how to make STEM accessible to people with disabilities?
- When and how should a student with a disability disclose his or her disability to a potential employer?
- When requested, why is it important that I provide a reading list to the disability services office prior to the start of a term?
- Where can I find Accessibility Demonstration Experiences (ADEs)?
- Where can I find a collection of articles that deal with students with disabilities and STEM?
- Where can I find a list of publisher contacts to request electronic text formats?
- Where can I find an engaging game to teach people about the Americans with Disabilities Act?
- Where can I find electronic text versions of books for students who have visual impairments or other print disabilities?
- Where can I find funding to help make my classroom, school, or program more accessible?
- Where can I find information about summer camps for children with disabilities?
- Where can I find information about the experiences of students with intellectual disabilities in college?
- Where can I find interns and employees with disabilities?
- Where can I find resources about individuals with disabilities in specific career fields?
- Where can I find resources about legal, social, and political issues related to disability?
- Where can I find resources for making distance learning courses accessible?
- Where can I find resources for nursing students and professional nurses with disabilities?
- Where can I find resources related to brain injuries?
- Where can I find resources related to health impairments?
- Where can I find resources related to hearing impairments?
- Where can I find resources related to learning disabilities and Attention-Deficit Disorder?
- Where can I find resources related to mobility impairments?
- Where can I find resources related to visual impairments?
- Where can I find statistics about education and career attainment for individuals with disabilities?
- Where can I find tips on making math accessible to students with disabilities?
- Where can I find training materials for making science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instruction accessible?
- Where can I find vendors who provide captioning services?
- Where can I find vendors who specialize in assistive technology and materials for science laboratories?
- Where can I locate statistical data answering questions about students with disabilities and educational services?
- Where can I read about research related to serving veterans?
- Where is a federal "one-stop" website that links to disability-related resources?
- Which states have technology accessibility laws, policies, and standards?
- Who is a person with a disability?
- Who is responsible for providing a postsecondary institution with documentation of a student's disability?
- Who is responsible for providing accommodations for student interns?
- Who is the Foundation for Science and Disability?
- Who offers training on assistive technology and the design of accessible technology?
- Who should pay for accommodations that allow students with disabilities to participate in student clubs and organizations?
- Whom do I work with on campus to secure accessible venues for meetings and events?
- Whom should I contact in my state if I have a question about assistive technology?
- Why is accessible math important?
- Why is data on people with disabilities in science and engineering scarce?
- Why is it important that students with disabilities take precollege mathematics and science courses?
- Why should students with disabilities participate in work-based learning?
- Workforce Investment Act (WIA) One-Stops: A Promising Practice in Providing Employment Placement Services
You may also find relevant articles in the following searchable Knowledge Bases:
- Conference Room - to help postsecondary student services staff make their services accessible.
- Board Room - to help administrators create a welcoming and accessible offerings for postsecondary students with disabilities.
- Faculty Room - to help postsecondary faculty fully include students with disabilities in their courses.
- AccessCAREERS - to help employers, career services staff, individuals with disabilities, and others make careers and work-based learning accessible.
- AccessComputing - to help individuals with disabilities pursue studies and careers in computing.
- Advancing Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Computing - to help individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing pursue studies and careers in computing.
- The Center for Universal Design in Education - to help educators and administrators practice universal design in their delivery of education.
- AccessIT - to help educational entities at all levels develop, procure, and use accessible informational technology.
Copyright © 2002 - 2009 by DO-IT, University of Washington. Permission is granted to copy these materials for educational, noncommercial purposes provided the source is acknowledged. The AccessSTEM Knowledge base is funded by the National Science Foundation (RDE award # HRD-0227995 and HRD-0833504). The contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the U.S. federal government, and you should not assume their endorsement.